Abstract One of the basic needs for a country’s economic development is to cover the major fuel demand, and both energy consumption and environmental impacts resulting from the production of such fuels need to be fast and reliable. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to an estimate of energy consumption and atmospheric emissions of some of the pollutant species reported by Pemex Refinacion under different projections. The predictive estimate model was applied considering four different gasoline demand scenarios, as well as different refining technology options to satisfy fuel consumption needs, based on production yields: four different types of refineries, three types of crude oils and eight different processes. Emission estimates were determined applying emission factors, both for the type of fossil fuel energy source used in the direct heating processes for vapor generation, as well by using electric energy. Results show that the equivalent energy consumption relative to the total processes crude is greater in complex refineries (full conversion); however, a greater conversion efficiency allows a smaller volume of crude consumption needed to satisfy the fuel demand with lower emissions relative to other types of technologies. Mexico’s possible refineries need to adapt themselves to different operation scenarios, such as changes in the crude’s yield, the quality of the product, variations in the prices of the crude and of the refined products. Therefore, is important to develop and apply perspectives than maximize productivity and minimize energy consumption, reducing air emissions, in constant change scenarios. Finally, the problem would then be evaluating which would be more convenient to obtain a greater socio-economic benefit: reduce emissions to the atmosphere or to lower operation costs of the refinery.

Resumen Cubrir la demanda de combustibles de mayor consumo es una de las necesidades básicas para el desarrollo económico de un país. Así también, el consumo de energía y los impactos ambientales debidos a la producción de estos combustibles deben ser informados con prontitud y confiabilidad. El objetivo que se persigue en este artículo es contribuir para obtener un estimado del consumo de energía y de las emisiones atmosféricas de algunas de las especies contaminantes reportadas por Pemex refinación, analizando diferentes proyecciones. El modelo de estimación predictivo se aplicó considerando cuatro escenarios de demanda de gasolinas, así como las siguientes opciones tecnológicas de refinación para satisfacer el consumo del combustible, con base en un rendimiento de producción: cuatro tipos de refinerías, tres tipos de crudo y ocho procesos. La estimación de las emisiones se determinó aplicando factores de emisión, tanto por tipo de fuente de energía fósil consumida en los procesos de calentamiento directo o para la generación de vapor, así como por el uso de energía eléctrica. Los resultados muestran que el consumo equivalente de energía respecto al total de crudo procesado es mayor en las refinerías muy complejas (R4), sin embargo, su gran eficiencia de conversión permite consumir menor volumen de crudo para satisfacer la demanda del combustible con emisiones bajas al aire, respecto a otro tipo de tecnologías. Las posibles refinerías en México tendrán que adaptarse a diferentes escenarios operativos, como cambios en el rendimiento del crudo, calidad del producto, así como variación en los precios del crudo y de los productos refinados. Por lo tanto, es importante desarrollar e implementar enfoques que maximicen la productividad y minimicen el consumo de energía, reduciendo las emisiones atmosféricas en escenarios operativos de constante cambio. Por último, el problema sería entonces evaluar qué sería más conveniente para obtener un mayor beneficio socioeconómico: reducir las emisiones a la atmósfera o disminuir los costos de operación de la refinería.

ABSTRACT The activities taking place along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico are of great economic importance; however, these activities are potential sources of acid rain precursors. Potentially sensitive receptors to acid deposition in the coastal region of the Gulf of Mexico are lakes, rivers, forests, soils and monuments of cultural heritage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition, enrichment factors and trends of wet atmospheric deposition at La Mancha, Veracruz, from 2003 to 2014. The major ions, pH and conductivity were analyzed daily during rainy and dry seasons. The following value ranges of the annual volume weighted mean (VWM) were: pH: 4.78-5.40; SO4 2-: 16-32 μeq L-1; NO3 -: 4-15 μeq L-1, among others. The principal findings were found: (1) acid rain has been present for more than a decade along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico; (2) the non-marine ions in decreasing order were: NO3 -, NH4 +, Ca+ and SO4 2-; (3) all of the ions were present in major concentrations during the dry season due to minimal precipitation; (4) in several cases, the value of the pH events was low during the rainy season due to the low presence of chemical species that could favor neutralization; (5) the VWM pH in wet deposition was in the range of 4.78 to 5.40 during the study period (2003-2014), and (6) a significant increasing trend for pH was observed during the entire study period, while an increasing trend occurred from 2003 to 2008 for SO4 2-, NO3 -, K+ and Ca2+, which decreased until 2011 and then increased until 2014.

RESUMEN Las actividades que tienen lugar a lo largo de la costa del Golfo de México son de gran importancia económica; sin embargo, son una fuente potencial de precursores de lluvia ácida. Los receptores potencialmente sensibles al depósito atmosférico ácido en la región costera del Golfo de México son lagos, ríos, bosques, suelos y monumentos del patrimonio cultural. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la composición química, los factores de enriquecimiento y las tendencias del depósito atmosférico húmedo en La Mancha, Veracruz, de 2003 a 2014. Se analizaron los principales iones, el pH y la conductividad diariamente, tanto en la época de lluvias como de secas. Se obtuvieron los siguientes intervalos de valores anuales para el promedio ponderado por volumen (PPV): pH: 4.78-5.40; SO4 2-: 16-32 μeq L-1; NO3 -: 4-15 μeq L-1, entre otros. Los principales hallazgos fueron: 1) el fenómeno de lluvia ácida ha estado presente durante más de una década a lo largo de la costa del Golfo de México; 2) los iones provenientes de origen no marino en orden decreciente fueron: NO3 -, NH4 +, Ca+ y SO4 2-; 3) todos los iones estuvieron presentes en grandes concentraciones durante la época de secas debido a una menor precipitación; 4) en varios casos, el valor de los eventos de pH fue bajo durante la estación de lluvias debido a la baja presencia de especies químicas que podrían favorecer la neutralización; 5) el intervalo de valores de PPV para el pH fue de 4.78 a 5.40 durante el periodo de estudio (2003-2014), y 6) se observó una tendencia creciente significativa de pH durante todo el periodo de estudio, mientras que entre 2003 y 2008 se produjo una tendencia creciente para SO4 2-, NO3 -, K+ y Ca2+, la cual disminuyó hasta 2011 y luego aumentó hasta 2014.

Background: Structured educative programs have demonstrated their usefulness as a strategy to improve metabolic control in diabetic patients. Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of a structured educative program for Chilean diabetic patients. Material and Methods: A randomized clinical trial in diabetic patients with glycosylated hemoglobin over 7.5%. One hundred fifteen patients were studied, 59 patients participated in the structured educative program (experimental group) and 56 patients received no structured education (control group). Patients were followed for 12 months. Results: Between baseline and 12 months of follow-up, glycosylated hemoglobin changed from 10.05 to 9.11% in experimental patients and from 9.86 to 9.25% in controls. No significant differences between experimental and control groups in other clinical and metabolic parameters were observed. In the experimental group, glycosylated hemoglobin reductions differed among the different educators who carried out the program. Conclusions: A structured educative program resulted in a 35% greater reduction in glycosylated hemoglobin levels, compared with a control group. Metabolic control improvement differed between the educators who carried out the program.

Background: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Chile and worldwide. Framingham functions were developed to calculate overall coronary heart disease risk However these functions overestimate the risk in some countries ¡ike Chile. Aim To develop Chilean risk tables to assess the overall 10-year risk of coronary heart disease. Material and methods: The Framingham function was adapted for a population aged 35 to 74 years, based on an estimate of Chilean incidence of coronary heart disease and the prevalence of coronary heart disease risk factors such as age, sex, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood pressure, diabetes and smoking. Results: The 10-year incidence of coronary heart disease in Chile (2.7% in men, 1.096 in women) was lower than the incidence in the United States (10.096/3.896) and Spain (4.996/2.296), but higher than China (1.196/0.496). Framingham tables have more than 50% of cells in the risk category of 10% or greater. In contrast, Chilean tables have less than 10% of cells in the same risk category. Conclusions: Adapted tables use local information to calculate overall coronary heart disease risk. A validation study should be conducted to assess their predictive power.

Sex, gender and masculinity are concepts that are frequently considered as synonyms. Masculinity of a new human being may be built even before pregnancy and continue to be built after birth. Gender relationships are the patterns of behaviour in which power and inequality favor man and leave woman out. The difference in power between gender is observed, for example, in the physical and mental deterioration of the woman resulting from domestic violence trauma. The price of masculinity is referred to the "need" of being subjected to violent situations that may result in premature death. To reach equality between gender, it is necessary to close the gap between male and female spaces. There is the need of a higher participation of woman in the social setting and a more equal involvement of man in the domestic setting

Sexo, género y masculinidad son conceptos que frecuentemente se consideran sinónimos. La masculinidad de un nuevo ser puede comenzar a construirse antes del embarazo y continúa después del nacimiento. Relaciones de género son los patrones de comportamiento en que el poder y la desigualdad favorecen al hombre y postergan a la mujer. La diferencia de poder entre género se observa, por ejemplo, en el deterioro de la salud física y mental de la mujer que resulta del trauma de la violencia doméstica. El precio de la masculinidad se refiere a la «necesidad» de someterse a situaciones violentas que puede resultar en muertes prematuras. Para llegar a la igualdad entre los géneros es necesario terminar con la separación entre los espacios masculinos y femeninos. Hace falta una mayor participación de la mujer en el espacio social y en una inserción más igualitaria del hombre en el espacio privado

As doenças sexualmente transmissíveis (DST) têm sido debatidas no ambiente científico e nos meios de comunicação de massa, em especial, por sua associação a maior risco de infecção pelo Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV). Estudou-se a adoção de comportamentos por mulheres para proteção das DST, tal como a associação destes a variáveis sócio-econômicas e demográficas. Trata-se de estudo descritivo, com dados secundários de pesquisa feita em Campinas, São Paulo, na qual foram entrevistadas 635 mulheres selecionadas mediante a técnica de amostragem "bola de neve". Foram classificadas em: adolescentes e adultas de status sócio-econômico médio-alto ou baixo. Grande proporção delas não se prevenia das DST, em particular, as de status baixo. Em todos os grupos, o condom masculino foi o método de prevenção mais referido. Houve associação negativa entre parceiro fixo e uso de condom, e a principal razão para não usá-lo foi "só ter um parceiro e confiar nele". Em meio às adolescentes, ocorreu associação positiva entre escolaridade acima da oitava série e uso de condom, bem como negativa entre idade e uso desse método. Entre adultas o uso exclusivo de condom esteve, em geral, positivamente associado a status sócio-econômico.

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) have been a subject of discussion both among scientists and in the mass media, especially because of their association with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We studied the adoption of specific protective behaviors for the prevention of STDs among women, as well as the associations between these behaviors and socioeconomic and demographic variables. This was a descriptive study based on secondary data from a previous study carried out in Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil. A total of 635 women were selected using the social network ("snowball") technique. Subjects were classified into four groups: adolescents and adults of upper middle and lower socioeconomic status, respectively. Condoms were the STD prevention method most frequently mentioned by interviewees. A negative association was observed between having a steady partner and condom use in all the groups. The main reason mentioned for not using condoms was "having a single partner and trusting him". Among adolescents, a positive association was observed between schooling above the 8th grade and condom use, and a negative association was observed between age and condom use. Among adults, only condom use in general was also positively associated with socioeconomic status.

As doenças sexualmente transmissíveis (DST) têm sido debatidas no ambiente científico e nos meios de comunicação de massa, em especial, por sua associação a maior risco de infecção pelo Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV). Estudou-se a adoção de comportamentos por mulheres para proteção das DST, tal como a associação destes a variáveis sócio-econômicas e demográficas. Trata-se de estudo descritivo, com dados secundários de pesquisa feita em Campinas, São Paulo, na qual foram entrevistadas 635 mulheres selecionadas mediante a técnica de amostragem "bola de neve". Foram classificadas em: adolescentes e adultas de status sócio-econômico médio-alto ou baixo. Grande proporção delas não se prevenia das DST, em particular, as de status baixo. Em todos os grupos, o condom masculino foi o método de prevenção mais referido. Houve associação negativa entre parceiro fixo e uso de condom, e a principal razão para não usá-lo foi "só ter um parceiro e confiar nele". Em meio às adolescentes, ocorreu associação positiva entre escolaridade acima da oitava série e uso de condom, bem como negativa entre idade e uso desse método. Entre adultas o uso exclusivo de condom esteve, em geral, positivamente associado a status sócio-econômico.

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) have been a subject of discussion both among scientists and in the mass media, especially because of their association with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We studied the adoption of specific protective behaviors for the prevention of STDs among women, as well as the associations between these behaviors and socioeconomic and demographic variables. This was a descriptive study based on secondary data from a previous study carried out in Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil. A total of 635 women were selected using the social network ("snowball") technique. Subjects were classified into four groups: adolescents and adults of upper middle and lower socioeconomic status, respectively. Condoms were the STD prevention method most frequently mentioned by interviewees. A negative association was observed between having a steady partner and condom use in all the groups. The main reason mentioned for not using condoms was "having a single partner and trusting him". Among adolescents, a positive association was observed between schooling above the 8th grade and condom use, and a negative association was observed between age and condom use. Among adults, only condom use in general was also positively associated with socioeconomic status.